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Materials
The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually manufactured from steel (or alloy steel), or of wrought iron historically. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not found in wetted elements of boilers due to stress and corrosion corrosion breaking.[3] However, ferritic stainless is often found in superheater sections that won't come in contact with boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4]
[url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler[/url]
In live steam models, copper or brass is often used since it is easier fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (especially for vapor locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in newer times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead.
For much of the Victorian "age of vapor", the only material used for boilermaking was the highest quality of wrought iron, with assembly by rivetting. This iron was often from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), observed for the high quality of their rolled plate and its own suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead moved towards the use of steel, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded building, which is quicker and requires less labour. It should be noted, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode considerably slower than their modern-day metal counterparts, and are less susceptible to localized stress-corrosion and pitting. This makes the longevity of older wrought-iron boilers significantly more advanced than those of welded steel boilers.
Cast iron might be utilized for the heating system vessel of home drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in a few countries, their purpose is to create warm water usually, not steam, and they also run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure steam boilers.
Boiler Repairs Deptford, SE8, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service [url=http://boiler-repairs-deptford.co.uk]Show more!..[/url]
Energy
The foundation of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric vapor boilers use level of resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission can be used as a heat source for producing steam also, either straight (BWR) or, generally, in specialised warmth exchangers called "steam generators" (PWR). High temperature recovery vapor generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbine.
Boiler efficiency
there are two solutions to measure the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method
Immediate method -immediate approach to boiler efficiency test is more usable or more common
boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total steam circulation Hg= Enthalpy of saturated steam in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed drinking water in kcal/kg q= quantity of fuel use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG)
indirect method -to gauge the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a subsequent parameter like
Ultimate analysis of energy (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint)
percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas
flue gas temperature at outlet
ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg
GCV of energy in kcal/kg
ash percentage in combustible fuel
GCV of ash in kcal/kg
Configurations
Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations:
Pot boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" in which a open fire heats a partially filled drinking water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure vapor, often barely above that of the atmosphere. These could burn off wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was suprisingly low.
Flued boiler with one or two large flues-an early forerunner or type of fire-tube boiler.
Diagram of a fire-tube boiler
Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume still left above to accommodate the vapor (steam space). This is the kind of boiler used in almost all steam locomotives. Heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that needs to be kept permanently surrounded by the water in order to maintain the temp of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of the fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating system surface which can be further increased by causing the gases invert direction through a second parallel tube or a bundle of multiple tubes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); on the other hand the gases may be studied along the sides and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case of a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel stretches from the firebox and the hot gases go through a bundle of fire pipes inside the barrel which greatly escalates the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improves heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers will often have a comparatively low rate of vapor production, but high vapor storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn solid fuels mainly, but are easily adjustable to those of the liquid or gas variety.
Diagram of the water-tube boiler.
Water-tube boiler: In this kind, pipes filled with drinking water are arranged in the furnace in several possible configurations. Water pipes connect large drums Often, the lower ones containing water and top of the ones water and steam; in other instances, such as a mono-tube boiler, drinking water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This kind gives high steam production rates generally, but less storage capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be made to exploit any high temperature source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications because the high-pressure water/vapor is contained within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall.
Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized kind of water-tube boiler in which pipes are close collectively and water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the kind of mono-tube vapor generator in which the tube is permanently filled with water. Super fast boiler, the pipe is held so hot that the water feed is quickly flashed into vapor and superheated. Flash boilers acquired some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued in to the early 20th century. .
1950s design vapor locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class
Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes both above types have been mixed in the following manner: the firebox contains an assembly of water pipes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a conventional firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed] but have fulfilled with little success far away.
Sectional boiler. Inside a ensemble iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is contained inside cast iron areas.[citation needed] These sections are assembled on site to create the finished boiler.
Safety
See also: Boiler explosion
To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations like the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) develop criteria and regulation rules. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a typical providing a wide range of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with protection, design and security standards.[5]
Historically, boilers were a way to obtain many serious injuries and property destruction as a consequence to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle metal shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could open up poorly, resulting in a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When water is changed into steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original volume and moves down vapor pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour. As a result of this, vapor is a great way of moving energy and warmth around a niche site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but with no right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising plant will suffer from level formation and corrosion. At best, this raises energy costs and can lead to poor quality steam, reduced efficiency, shorter vegetation and unreliable operation. At worst, it can result in catastrophic failure and loss of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler tubes can also aerosol scalding-hot vapor and smoke from the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who insert the coal in to the fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing hundreds of horsepower to operate factories can potentially demolish entire structures.[6]
A boiler that has a loss of feed water and it is permitted to boil dry can be hugely dangerous. If supply drinking water is then sent into the clear boiler, the tiny cascade of incoming drinking water instantly boils on connection with the superheated steel shell and leads to a violent explosion that cannot be managed even by protection vapor valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the vapor source lines that is bigger than the make-up water source could replace. The Hartford Loop was developed in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a method to assist in preventing this problem from occurring, and thus reduce their insurance promises.[7][8]
Superheated steam boiler
A superheated boiler on a steam locomotive.
Main article: Superheater
Most boilers produce vapor to be used at saturation heat; that is, saturated vapor. Superheated steam boilers vaporize water and additional heating the steam in a superheater then. This provides steam at higher temperatures, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating vegetable because the higher vapor temperature takes a higher flue gas exhaust heat range.[citation needed] There are many ways to circumvent this problem, typically by giving an economizer that heats the give food to drinking water, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. There are advantages to superheated steam that may, and will often, increase overall efficiency of both vapor generation and its own utilization: increases in input heat range to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There could be useful limitations in using wet vapor also, as entrained condensation droplets will damage turbine blades.
Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any system component fails and allows steam to flee, the ruthless and temperature can cause serious, instantaneous injury to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak indicates its presence clearly.
Superheater procedure is similar to that of the coils on an fresh air conditioni
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